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Research paper

Current Status of Treatments for Children with Electrical Status in Slow-Wave Sleep (ESES/CSWS)

Pooled analysis of 575 ESES cases. Efficacy rates — surgery ~90%, steroids ~81%, benzodiazepines ~68%, sulthiame ~53%, levetiracetam ~54%, standard ASMs ~49%. Oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine can worsen spike-wave index and should be avoided.

Indexed context

Kotagal P

cswsesesdee-swastreatment-hierarchyavoid-oxcarbazepine

Markdown path

content/research/papers/2017-kotagal-csws-treatment-review.md

Findings

Pooled analysis of 575 ESES cases. Efficacy rates — surgery ~90%, steroids ~81%, benzodiazepines ~68%, sulthiame ~53%, levetiracetam ~54%, standard ASMs ~49%. Oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine can worsen spike-wave index and should be avoided.

Why it may matter for Levi

Direct ranking evidence for Levi's treatment hierarchy; establishes avoid-oxcarbazepine/carbamazepine as a specific actionable caution. Supports the sulthiame + high-dose benzodiazepine fallback tier.

Paper text

Current Status of Treatments for Children with Electrical Status in Slow-Wave Sleep (ESES/CSWS)

Kotagal P — Epilepsy Currents (2017). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5716110/

Findings summary

Pooled analysis of 575 ESES cases. Efficacy rates — surgery ~90%, steroids ~81%, benzodiazepines ~68%, sulthiame ~53%, levetiracetam ~54%, standard ASMs ~49%. Oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine can worsen spike-wave index and should be avoided.

Relevance to Levi

Direct ranking evidence for Levi's treatment hierarchy; establishes avoid-oxcarbazepine/carbamazepine as a specific actionable caution. Supports the sulthiame + high-dose benzodiazepine fallback tier.

Provenance

  • Ingested 2026-04-16 as part of the batch literature pass supporting the Root Cause Theories, diagnostics, and treatments workspaces.
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  • Companion memo: content/research/notes/2026-04-16-literature-pass.md